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Conveyors are often viewed as durable, reliable, and low-impact automation equipment – and for good reason. Constant operation and rapid start and stop movements are just a few of the requirements for the daily life of a conveyor. Distribution center and warehouse operators rely on the mechanical ability of their processing equipment to fulfill orders – while conveyors rely on its owners to properly service and repair units when needed. Even with a reputation of being fiercely reliable – routine maintenance and repairs require proper inspection and remedy by a certified conveyor technician.

Century has seen it all, from jerry-rigged repairs, safety violations, and inefficiencies – all in an effort to avoid spending on conveyor maintenance.  Usually, it’s not until something goes wrong that we receive that emergency service call, in which case – it’s already too late for avoid downtime losses.

Never fear!  Identifying these issues visually, early, and with the help of a conveyor technician isn’t necessarily an overtly difficult or expensive task. For example, rather than letting a conveyor shred belts over and over because it isn’t tracked correctly is a source of waste. Belt tracking is one of the first repairs our technicians learn and any respectable conveyor repair company should be able to track with zero hangups. This sentiment is the same with many conveyor maintenance items – simple and straightforward repairs that require the proper knowledge so that it doesn’t occur in the future.

Excessive Dirt and Debris

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Ripped, Torn, or Frayed Belting

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The Issue
Belts are very common component of many conveyor systems, so when it starts to show signs of wear like rips, tears, or frays, it can quickly escalate into a serious problem. Damaged belting can lead to material spillage, reduced efficiency, and even complete system failure if not addressed promptly. Regular inspection is essential to catch these issues early. Small tears can often be stitched or vulcanized before they worsen, but severely damaged belts typically require replacement to avoid costly downtime and potential damage to other parts of the conveyor. Proper tracking is always required whenever a belt is modified so that that belt can move in the direction it’s supposed to without snagging or grinding against any guards or surfaces.

Example
In an eCommerce distribution center, a conveyor belt used to transport packaged goods from one area to another began to show signs of fraying near the edges. This damage was caused by the belt’s repeated contact with sharp edges on the conveyor frame because of uneven tracking. As the fraying worsened, the belt eventually tore completely during peak operating hours, leading to significant downtime while the belt was replaced. The company not only lost production time but also incurred high costs in expedited repairs and lost product.

Loose or Worn Chains, Bearings, Gears, and Other Lubricated Parts

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The Issue
Chains, bearings, gears, and other moving parts are critical to the smooth operation of a conveyor system. Over time, these components can become loose or wear down, leading to inefficiencies, excessive noise, and even breakdowns. Lubrication is key to preventing wear, but if parts are already worn or loose, lubrication alone won’t solve the problem. Regular maintenance, including tightening, replacing worn parts, and ensuring the part IS receiving the right amount of lubrication, is essential to keep the system running smoothly.

Example
At an automotive parts distribution facility, the conveyor system responsible for moving brake assemblies between palletizing operations started to make excessive noise and operate at reduced efficiency. Upon inspection, it was discovered that it’s chain was loose, and several bearings were worn due to inadequate lubrication over time. These worn parts caused the conveyor to operate with increased friction, which not only slowed down the production process but also led to a higher energy consumption rate. The company had to shut down the line for several hours to replace the worn components and properly lubricate the system.

Sections or Transfers with Constant Jams

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The Issue
Sections or transfer points in a conveyor system are prone to jamming, especially in systems that handle irregularly shaped or sized items. Jams can occur due to misalignment, improper spacing, or debris buildup, and they can cause significant disruptions to the flow of materials. Frequent jamming not only slows down operations but can also lead to increased wear on the conveyor and potential damage to products. Ensuring proper alignment, regular cleaning, and appropriate spacing can help minimize these occurrences.

Example
A third-party logistics company faced frequent jamming at a section where smaller packages were transferred from one conveyor belt to another. The problem stemmed from irregular spacing between the transfer points and debris that had accumulated on the belts. These jams caused significant delays during peak shipping times, requiring workers to manually clear the jams and restart the system multiple times a day. The recurring problem highlighted the need for better conveyor alignment and regular cleaning procedures.

Bent Supports, Guards, and Railings

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The Issue
Supports, guards, and railings are crucial for maintaining the stability and safety of a conveyor system. However, these components can become bent or damaged due to collisions, improper handling, or the weight of heavy loads. Bent supports can lead to misalignment, while damaged guards and railings compromise safety. Regular inspections and prompt repairs or replacements are necessary to prevent accidents and maintain the structural integrity of the conveyor system.

Example
In a warehouse handling totes of small product, a forklift accidentally collided with one of the conveyor supports, bending the support frame and several guards. The bent support caused the conveyor to tilt slightly, leading to misalignment of the belt and an increased risk of spillage. The damaged guards no longer provided adequate protection, creating a safety hazard for nearby workers. The compromised structure eventually led to a shutdown until the damaged parts could be repaired, resulting in unplanned downtime and additional repair costs.

Malfunctioning, Dislodged, or Faulty Photoeyes, VFDs and Sensors

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The Issue
Photoeyes, VFDs, and sensors are vital for the automated control and monitoring of conveyor systems. If these components malfunction, become dislodged, or are faulty, it can lead to operational inefficiencies, such as incorrect sorting, missed detections, and constant recircs. Regular calibration, cleaning, and testing of sensors are essential to ensure they function correctly and reliably. Replacing faulty sensors promptly can prevent minor issues from escalating into major disruptions. It’s imperative that any sensors are properly attached to their respective brackets per manufacturer or integrator specifications so that it captures the correct scan points.

Example
A retail distribution center utilized photoeyes to detect the presence of packages on the conveyor belts to trigger a downstream sorter. After a period of heavy use, one of the photoeyes became dislodged and stopped functioning correctly. As a result, packages were not being sorted into the correct lanes, leading to a bottleneck in the system and delayed shipments. The faulty sensor went unnoticed for several hours, causing a backlog of unsorted packages. The issue was only resolved after maintenance technicians realigned and recalibrated the photoeye, restoring proper operation.

Unsafe or Dangerous Components

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The Issue
Safety should always be a top priority in any material handling operation. Components that are unsafe or pose a danger to operators, such as exposed moving parts, sharp edges, or faulty emergency stop mechanisms, need to be addressed immediately. Exposed electrical connections and questionable band-aid fixes also pose as a hazard. Regular safety audits and maintaining compliance with industry safety standards are vital to preventing accidents and ensuring a safe working environment. Unsafe components should be repaired or replaced promptly to protect workers and maintain a safe operational space.

Example
In a high-speed crossdock operation, one worker suffered a severe injury when their clothing got caught in a transfer section of the conveyor. The employee was hurt because an e-stop button near him was out-of-commission, causing prolonged contact with the equipment. The incident prompted an immediate safety audit, which revealed multiple unsafe components throughout the facility. The facility had to make significant investments in safety upgrades, including the installation of new guards, profiled transfers and the replacement of outdated emergency stop systems, to prevent further accidents. On top of those replacements and lost time, the company had to settle a negligence lawsuit with the injured employee.

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What is the condition of your conveyor system?

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Century’s core recommendation when it comes to if you should do that repair or stave it off –  DOWNTIME IS NOT AN OPTION.

Forgoing repairs or running damaged machinery inevitably leads to a conveyor unit failure and a complete halt on daily ops. That equals lost profits, lost time, inventory issues, and unhappy clients – a much harder pill to swallow rather than fixing the equipment in the first place.

Conveyor service shouldn’t be seen as a necessary evil, but as a rejuvenation of the abilities of your equipment. Performance is a key indicator of efficiency directly relating to profits and that starts at the foundation with the mechanical care of all systems.

The current state of the supply chain industry

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In a December 2023 issue of DC Velocity, leading executives from Old Dominion, C.H. Robinson, and others indicated that a multitude of factors have contributed to decreases across the board for the entirety of the logistics industry. While not overly shocking, since the pandemic propelled supply chain services and operators to unforeseen heights, the adjustment isn’t as simple as the market returning to nominal levels.

While 2024 isn’t expected to be a slump – a few factors currently in play have led analysts and operators to believe it won’t be as profitable as previous years.

Negative factors influencing the supply chain

1. Geopolitical issues straining overseas supply chains and the acquisition of materials. The most notable being tariffs and restrictions on Chinese imports and secondly – the conflicts in Europe and the Middle East
2. Excess inventory due to low-consumer demand
3. Decreased capacity and storage space due to that low demand
4. Inflation increasing costs across the board, while also influencing consumer and partner behavior to turn to a more economical mindset
5. Freight rates have bottomed significantly due to an excess of available truckloads and carriers that surfaced during the pandemic, along with the aforementioned low-demand for stock.
6. Excessive consumer demand during the pandemic have left warehouses, DCs, and intermodal ocean shippers with surplus volume, leading to a significant reduction in shipping and import operations.

Positive factors influencing the supply chain

1. Government focus on insulating supply chains, especially rail – to avoid repeats of the strains encountered in years prior.
2. Federal debt increases to spending to avoid a full-blown recession have held steady, along with strong consumer purchasing despite economic headwinds have stalled a full-blown recession.  While not out of the woods, the outlook is better than it was a year prior.
3. Adjustment of warehouse and distribution center construction and increased vacancy has opened up the real estate market for operators looking to expand into new spaces.
4. With the decrease in demand (especially in trucking), layoffs from key players in the industry are inevitable. In turn, this will open up a much larger candidate pool for operators that are still experiencing labor issues.
5. Many operators are shifting material providers from overseas to manufacturers closer to home. For example, Mexico has usurped China in import profits. As of July 2023, Mexico made up 15% of US imports, while China made up 14.6%  – indicating a significant portion of supply chains are shifting their suppliers away from distant countries.
6. Material handling automation integrators typically follow the effects of the supply chain by a year. Larger corporations have already or are currently implementing automation, opening availability for smaller companies looking to implement a system.

Recession scares

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Despite predictions of an impending recession by economists, the resilience of the supply chain industry has defied these forecasts, primarily due to the sustained momentum in consumer spending. This unexpected endurance in consumer activity has, to a considerable extent, delayed what many experts once deemed an inevitable economic downturn.

While the supply chain industry has demonstrated robustness in navigating challenging economic landscapes, it would be prudent for smaller operators within this dynamic ecosystem to adopt a proactive approach. Investing in preventative maintenance for their conveyor equipment emerges as a strategic imperative. This forward-looking strategy not only ensures the continued operational efficiency of critical material handling systems but also serves as a safeguard against potentially exorbitant expenditures in the future when financial resources may be constrained. By prioritizing preventative maintenance, these operators are not merely reacting to the current economic climate; rather, they are strategically fortifying their infrastructure to weather potential storms and position themselves for sustained success in a fluctuating economic landscape.

Automation adaption continues growth

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In a recent survey by Modern Materials Handling about material handling systems currently installed and in use at DCs, survey participants reported the following:

The use of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) shot up to 20% in 2023, from 7% last year, while use of robotic arms/work cells reached 23%, up from 10%.

In terms of other systems in use, deployment of conveyors reached 41% this year, up from 31%; while use of vertical lift modules grew from 25% last year to 34% this year. Use of shuttles reached 13%, up from 4%.

While the notion that automation continues to be implemented is unsurprising, the rate at which is rapid. Supply chain technology continues to advance, ushering in countless new systems and equipment all while removing cost-prohibitive and accessibility barriers. Explosive growth across all MHE systems brings credence to the effectiveness of automation, with the variable being how it is implemented rather than the performance of the equipment itself.

Warehousing employment

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Unemployment rates in transportation and warehousing increased from 3.3% in October 2022 to 4.5% in October of this year, reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This indicates that finding labor for distribution centers and warehouses is still an ongoing issue. No doubt the hassle of finding associates correlates to the ongoing deployment of automation to eliminate the need for manual laborers.

As mentioned before, many companies are experiencing the end of drastic growth spurred by the pandemic – leading to large layoffs at companies that hired extensively to account for the growth in past years. In turn, this should open up the candidate pool for employers still struggling to fill warehouse associate roles.

Alternatively, gradually replacing manual labor with automation has traditionally been the most optimal way of adapting to demand fluctutations. Implementing a new system from scratch isn’t always feasible, but a proper retrofit or taking automation one step at a time can make reaching those KPIs just a bit easier while keeping costs down.

Lean and mean

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Many warehouse and distribution center operators took the lessons learned from the supply chain disruptions to heart, opting to implement leaner strategies and eliminate situations in which waste or inefficiency exists. The burning issue in warehousing currently is capacity and inventory levels. Dwindling demand has left some warehouses brimming with slow-moving or unsold stock, leading many to cancel orders and shed excess weight.

“The broad measure of inventories to sales ratio across U.S. retailers has stood at 1.30 from May 2023 through October, suggesting merchants have achieved some stability after the roller-coaster pandemic years.” (WSJ)

This flip signifies that shippers are not hoarding product to capitalize on sales, but stabilizing levels so inventory doesn’t become stagnant. As reported by The Logistics Manager’s Index, U.S. operators drove levels down 13 points from a year ago.

Naturally, capacity is up from 2022 Q4 as well, 10.4 points –  a significant but not shocking decrease, even adjusting for the peak holiday season.

Warehouse and DC real estate

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The warehouse real estate market has cooled down significantly after the rush the pandemic created, but leasing, rents, and construction of new facilities continue at a steady pace. Current vacancy in New Jersey hovers around 3.8%, a rise from last year but still overall low. Many operators are taking a “wait-and-see” approach before investing in properties for 2024.

Prices have dropped dramatically from their peak nearly within two years at an index number of 90.5 in March of 2022 to 65.5 in December of 2023.

While mileage may vary depending on the location and specifics of the facility, prices are overall lower. This makes acquiring space more economically accessible for smaller operators looking to expand but have not yet pulled the trigger. Larger corporations like Amazon, Walmart, and Home Depot have mostly halted snapping up new warehouse space, freeing up commercial real estate inventory and increasing vacancy rates.

Summary

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The name of the game for distribution centers and warehouses in 2024 is equalization. The explosion of pandemic-era demand is over, and valuable lessons about the importance of the integrity of the supply chain have no doubt influenced change across the industry.

Unpredictable consumer behavior, economic uncertainty, material shortages, geopolitical conflicts, and capacity issues – to name a few – are all factors that have impacted the industry in one way or another. Operators of warehouses and distribution centers would be wise to recognize the prevailing headwinds their organizations encountered and use 2024 to bolster themselves against those barriers – and any others in the future.

Whether that’s pairing down inventory to just-in-time levels, automating material handling procedures, expanding into new commercial space, or completely overhauling logistics processes – 2024 is the year to do it.

Equalize, adjust, and point your DC or warehouse in the right direction for success.

Auto-mate

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In the dynamic world of the automotive product and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) parts distribution industry, efficiency and precision are critical to success. Conveyors and material handling systems have revolutionized these sectors by optimizing processes, reducing operational costs, and ensuring seamless supply chain management.

By far, the most important factor Century has encountered pertaining to automating an auto parts and products distribution center is the ability to handle product of extensively variable sizes. It should come as no surprise that auto part & product distributors are rated by their ability to provide the exact correct part for the respective manufacturer, model, year, trim, and engine specifications. To add an extra layer of complexity most distributors stock multiple brands of the same product along with tiered pricing options to reflect economy components versus performance items.

This all accumulates into a distribution operation that requires thousands and thousands of extremely specific products ready to be picked at any moment with the highest level of accuracy. If that isn’t enough, customers (both businesses and consumers) expect quick shipping at low prices.

This segment of the automotive industry has its work cut out for them, but with proper planning, engineering, and system selection, an elaborate operation like this can be transformed into a streamlined and well-oiled process.

Current Status of the Autoparts and Products Industry

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Currently, the automotive parts and aftermarket product industry has been booming. The most potent factor is the exponential rise in inflation that has affected the US economy dramatically. Consumers are peeling back on new car purchases and focusing on maintaining their current vehicle. This can be attributed to expensive new vehicle prices, dealership markups, and high interest rates. Behind it all, the electric vehicle revolution is gaining monumental traction, yet most consumers aren’t keen to make the jump to EV, citing range concerns or the lack of affordable EV models.

In 2022, all automotive aftermarket categories experienced growth, with an overall 3% increase to in the industry, with no sign of slowing down (GfK Market Intelligence).

Dealers have also reported that stock levels have reached pre-pandemic levels, as most supply chain issues and material shortages have been resolved. This should help lower new car prices across the board, at least for non-EV models, but the lack of economically-friendly vehicles is apparent. Dealers have noted that the lowest inventory cars currently are smaller vehicles and crossovers.

The combination of all these factors indicates that 2023 is a critical time of growth for the auto parts and aftermarket industry, but – it may not last. With the looming adoption of EVs and stabilization of the new car market, the market for parts for used cars may slow, although according to a 2023 report on the automotive aftermarket by Houlihan Lokey shows that it’s a slow decline.

With electric vehicles looking to take over their internal combustion counterparts, components attributed to those vehicles may stagnate. It’s anyone’s guess as to how the transition to electric will play out, but with most automakers having at least one EV in their lineup, and lawmakers creating bills focused on electric adaption and infrastructure, it’s certainly not a far-off fantasy anymore.

Auto part and aftermarket distributors should look to capitalize on gas-powered vehicles before EV becomes dominant in the next 15-20 years. The majority of mechanical parts are not applicable to electric vehicles, as are many products. The difficulty of working on EVs due to proprietary components and high-voltage limitations may spell a decrease in profits for the industry – as many DIYers, enthusiasts, and non-dealership mechanics and garages avoid these vehicles for those reasons.

Starting line: WMS, WCS, and HMI

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Knowing the mass of products needed to be received, stored, and shipped for an automotive distributor – the very first system implemented should no doubt be a proper warehouse management system. The sheer amount of product information requires it alone – an Excel sheet won’t save you here. Proper research and selection of a WMS that can handle such a vast catalog of items with ease is a must-have.

Since the majority of picking operations typically use warehouse associates in some way, it’s also recommended to include some form of WCS (warehouse control system) and an HMI (human-machine interface). A WCS allows disparate system equipment to communicate and share information with the main WMS. This expands the functionality of the WMS so each piece of equipment provides real-time statistics (throughput rate, alerts, device status, etc.), expanding visibility across your entire system.

An HMI is intended for warehouse operators to quickly understand the status of each link in your system, essentially taking the data from both the WCS and WMS and presenting it clearly to associates. Primarily focused on live product flow, pending tasks, errors, and more to-do events, an HMI is a worker-focused hub for presenting actionable jobs and monitoring of daily operations.

Operations for Varying Product Sizes

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Automotive distribution centers deal with a vast range of products, each requiring specific handling procedures. Many vehicle parts can be conveyable, providing they don’t exceed the maximum average size of most conveyor systems and sorters (typically below 72 inches in width). For an automotive product and parts distribution center, the majority of orders can be fulfilled if e-commerce operations are present.

For non-conveyable items like exhausts, driveshafts, body parts, etc. automated guided vehicles (AGVs) can optimize throughput by reducing the costs and time associated with using a forklift operator. AGVs efficiently move products across the warehouse like an automated lift-truck and can handle oversized and heavy parts that a conveyor typically couldn’t.

Century’s recommendation? A combination of both would provide the highest level of automation, but a more realistic option would have your conveyable parts and products automated with a picking, packing, and sortation system, while moving and storing large items with a forklift. AGVs and warehouse robots would certainly provide increased throughput and efficiency, but the upfront cost of server activation and deployment of an AGV large enough to handle all non-conveyables may be a tough pill to swallow all at once.

Product Handled

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Depending on the types of products that are being handled at your facility, receiving operations should be segmented by the size of the products being inducted.

Small items and cartons – sensors, cables, hoses, gaskets, fasteners, singular items. These items will need to be processed in a GTP (Goods-to-Person) operation for put-away or fulfillment. Pallets containing small items will have to be depalletized at an induction station, either manually or via a singulator/robotic arm. A belted conveyor can transport these small SKUs to be labeled for tracking in the WMS, and once scanned, an operator can place the item into a tote to be transported to storage.

Medium/large cartons – Engine parts, brake and suspension components, automotive chemicals, not to exceed 30”W x 80”L and 100lbs. These items will need to be depalletized and sent through a barcode scanner to determine if it can be shipped as is to the customer or diverted to a pack station for repacking or storage.

Non-conveyable – Oversized and exceedingly heavy items that cannot fit on a conveyor. Exhaust systems, driveshafts, engine blocks, transmissions, body panels and parts. These will have to be unloaded, typically by forklift, to a staging area for proper storage. Tires, which make up a significant portion of revenue with the industry, were typically considered a non-conveyable, but with recent advancements – some units can handle single tires under a certain size. The reason that tires aren’t a great candidate for powered conveyors is that traditional forklifts and racking come in at a much lower cost and are comparable in terms of product throughput and processing time. Tires are also often banded together in stacks of 4, which a conveyor could not handle in a stable manner. If automating a tire operation, consider AGVs/AMRs for optimal handling, or simple gravity roller conveyors so operators can push tires instead of picking them up.

Manual induction – Certain items may not be able to be sorted, either due to a no-scan or QA issue. These items will have to be manually inspected and reprocessed by an operator, so sortation systems will have to include a divert or two where these items can be sent.

Each product requires careful planning based on its size. Fully understand the range of items in your inventory and ensure that there is a corresponding operation to handle it accordingly.

Sortation

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In a high-throughput facility, accurate and quick product sortation is key. Slat and shoe sorters are ideal solutions – Century has integrated large sortation lines such as the Hytrol ProSort for such applications, achieving success in maintaining high-speed distribution operations for cartons of various sizes and quick, but gentle diverts.

It goes without saying that every distribution center and facility is different, and that a solution in one facility may not work for another. If your facility uses polybags or bubble mailers for example, a shoe sorter system would not be a good solution as items that light and thin would get jammed. Instead, tray, belt diverts, or modular plastic sorters could be a closer fit for the product handled.

Take into consideration the course the product takes once it’s sorted. Chutes, gravity wheel conveyors, recirculation, dock extendables, and other equipment should all be considered depending on your trailer loading operations. Because of this, most large sortation systems are strategically placed closer to the loading doors, leaving space for forklifts and operators. If space is at a premium in your facility, sorters can be installed overhead – either on tall supports, a mezzanine, or supported by the ceiling.

Either way – a sortation unit is critical to ensuring fast order processing and shipping, especially for an auto part or product distributor that manages thousands upon thousands of different items per day.

Picking Optimization

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The automotive distribution industry deals with a wide range of products, often requiring extensive storage space. Material handling systems, such as automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), maximize space utilization. AS/RS uses robotics and computer-controlled mechanisms to store and retrieve products efficiently, optimizing storage capacity and reducing the need for extensive warehouse space. These systems can be costly, and should only be considered if you have a high SKU count and significant eCommerce operations.

A wide variety of picking modules are available – from mini-shuttle systems to cell-based pick walls. These systems can be fully or partially automated, or designed to be based around a single operator picking products from and to systems (receiving products from a picking shuttle, packing them, then outfeeding to a conveyor, for example).

The simplest and most cost-effective option would be ergonomic racking modules and shelves that make piece picking for fulfillment easy for warehouse associates. Flow racking for both cartons and pallets slot items in a shelving unit lined with gravity wheels, making retrieval easy. Pick cells can also be considered, as well as any number of container trollies on casters. Automation also comes in the form of empowering warehouse associates with picking technology – voice and vision pick, wearable scanners and terminals, picking light indicators, and other devices designed to assist operators. Century recently integrated ergonomic picking solutions for a convenience store product provider – another industry that manages a variety of SKU types.

Summary

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Conveyors and material handling systems are integral components of the automotive product and OEM parts distribution industry. By streamlining material flow, increasing throughput, enabling efficient order fulfillment, facilitating JIT delivery, and optimizing storage space, these automation solutions have become indispensable for staying competitive in the fast-paced automotive sector.

As the automotive industry continues to evolve, embracing cutting-edge material handling technologies is vital to remain agile, efficient, and responsive to market demands. Conveyors and material handling systems empower automotive distributors with the tools they need to thrive in an ever-changing landscape, ensuring seamless operations and satisfying the demands of customers and manufacturers alike. With electric vehicles looming on the horizon, our recommendation is to implement a high-throughput automation system now while gas vehicles are still the dominant product, maximizing profits.

Conveyors, while simplistic in function, are constituted of a multitude of mechanical parts that enable durable, stable, and efficient movement. Much like a car, in its most basic form, a material-handling conveyor uses a motor (engine) and gearbox (transmission) to provide power in a continuous motion.

If you’re considering a conveyor unit or system in your facility, understanding its critical components and operations can assist in routine maintenance, repairs, upgrades, and future system integrations. Each part plays an important role, and grasping the mechanical basics can help you identify when continuous improvement situations occur within a conveyor system.

Belt

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A belt is one of the most common applications of conveyance technology. A multi-layered rubber (or similar material) sheeting surrounds the “carcass” or the core of the belt. The carcass is constructed from tightly woven fabric, intertwined with each other within the top and bottom covers of the belt. Belts are wound around the head and tail pulleys on the conveyor bed, powered by the motor. Belts are created in a multitude of materials, sizes, and functions, covering a wide range of material handling applications.

Tip: Conveyor belts are extremely durable, but when rips and tears occur, splicing and vulcanization are relatively simple methods to repair the material.

• Rubber
• Fabric
• Modular plastic
• Cleated
• V-belt
• Curved

Rollers

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Rollers are elongated cylinders attached via bearings across a conveyor bed using gravity and low-horsepower motors to move product. Items are propelled forward from spinning roller to roller, or across a belt that is threaded over a bed of rollers.

• Plastic
• Steel
• Rubber
• Motorized Drive Roller (MDR)
• Split Roller
• Pallet Roller

O-Rings

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O-rings or O-bands are rubber-based circular bands that are routed in channels on rollers. O-rings allow multiple rollers to spin, keeping constant and stable movement forward as the product passes the section. Without O-rings, a roller would only move as the product skates over it. With O-rings, rollers in front of the package spin with the previous section, ensuring the package does not stop or jam.

Tip: It’s easy to diagnose when an O-ring has failed. Simply search for any rollers that are not spinning when the conveyor section is operating. A single broken O-ring won’t bring a system to a halt, but multiple non-spinning rollers could cause trouble. Fortunately, O-rings are inexpensive and easy to replace.

Pulleys

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• Tail end – Pulley positioned at the conveyor section infeed.
• Bend – Pulley that directs the belt down to the take-up.
• Take-up – Situated lower than in the conveyor than the other pulleys, the take-up manages tension for the entire belt route.
• Snub – Increases traction and stability by providing angled tension to the head pulley.
• Head – Main pulley that drives the motion forward at the conveyor discharge.

Motor

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• Drum
• Side-mounted
• Under-bed mounted

Conveyor motors come in various types and sizes, depending on the specific application and conveyor configuration. Motors can be AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current) and can have different power ratings, speed capabilities, and torque outputs. Conveyor motors are typically connected to the gearbox or the conveyor pulley or roller, and their speed and direction can be controlled through a variable frequency drive (VFD) or other speed control devices.

In addition to their power and durability, conveyor motors are also known for their low maintenance requirements and ease of use. They can be easily installed, repaired, or replaced, minimizing downtime and improving overall efficiency. Conveyor motors are also energy-efficient, reducing energy consumption and costs while maintaining high-performance levels.

Photo Eyes

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Also known simply as a sensor, conveyors use photo eyes to complete functions based on the status captured when product moves on a unit. As a package travels throughout a conveyor system, it passes a multitude of sensors attached to the bed sides that track its movement. This tells the conveyor control module when to stop, go, or redirect the package(s), based on the information provided by every photo eye in a system. This avoids jams and blockages and maintains efficient product flow. Photo-eyes are categorized via their sensing ability and are manufactured either as through-beam sensors, retro-reflective sensors, and diffuse reflective sensors.

A few notable manufacturers of photo-eyes include but are not limited to:

• Balluff
• Omron
• Pepperl+Fuchs
• Sick AG
• Rockwell Automation
• Turck Inc.
• Allen-Bradley

Bearings

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Bearings play a critical role in the smooth operation of conveyor systems. Serving as the mechanical interface between moving parts, bearings provide support, reduce friction, and facilitate the motion of the conveyor belt. They are typically mounted on conveyor rollers, pulleys, and other rotating components, allowing them to rotate freely while minimizing wear and tear. Bearings enable the efficient and reliable movement of the conveyor belt, helping to transport materials smoothly and consistently.

Properly functioning bearings are essential for preventing belt misalignment, reducing downtime, and extending the overall lifespan of the conveyor system. With their crucial role in ensuring reliable and smooth conveyor operation, high-quality bearings are a key component in maintaining the performance and productivity of conveyor systems.

Brakes

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Brakes are an important safety feature in conveyor systems, providing control and stability during operation. These mechanical devices are designed to halt or slow down the movement of the conveyor belt or specific conveyor components. Brakes can be applied in various ways, including drum brakes, disc brakes, and caliper brakes, depending on the specific conveyor system’s requirements.

One of the key benefits of brakes in a conveyor system is enhanced safety. They can prevent conveyor belt slippage, which may occur during sudden stops or in emergency situations, reducing the risk of accidents or injuries. Brakes also allow for precise control over the conveyor’s speed, direction, and positioning, helping to avoid damage to materials, equipment, or personnel.

In addition to safety, brakes also provide operational flexibility. They allow for smooth and controlled stops, starts, and changes in direction, which can optimize the conveyor system’s performance. Brakes enable the conveyor to handle varying loads, inclines, or declines, ensuring consistent and reliable operation.

Guardrails & Supports

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Supports, on the other hand, are used to provide structural stability and maintain proper alignment of the conveyor belt. They are usually positioned underneath the conveyor belt and provide support to the conveyor frame, rollers, and other components. Supports are designed to withstand the weight of the conveyor system, the materials being transported, and any additional loads or impacts that may occur during operation.

Guardrails and supports are typically made of durable materials, such as steel or aluminum, to provide strength and durability to the conveyor system. They are often adjustable and customizable to accommodate different conveyor configurations, heights, and widths. Guardrails and supports may also be equipped with additional features, such as guide rails, brackets, or brackets, to ensure proper alignment, prevent material spillage, and optimize conveyor performance.

Gearbox

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A gearbox is a critical component in a conveyor system, serving as a mechanical power transmission device that controls the speed and torque of the conveyor belt. It is typically connected to the motor and the conveyor pulley or roller, and its main function is to convert the rotational speed and torque from the motor to the desired speed and torque for the conveyor belt.

Gearboxes contain a set of gears with different sizes and arrangements, which determine the gear ratio and subsequently the output speed of the conveyor belt. The gear ratio can be adjusted to suit the specific requirements of the conveyor system, allowing for precise control over the belt speed, direction, and performance. Gearboxes can be configured with various gear types, including:

• Spur
• Helical
• Bevel
• Worm

Gearboxes also provide torque multiplication, allowing the motor to generate higher torque at the conveyor pulley or roller, which is essential for overcoming the resistance and friction of the conveyor belt and the materials being transported. This enables the conveyor system to handle heavy loads, inclines, or declines, while maintaining the desired belt speed and performance.

Gearboxes play a crucial role in protecting the motor and the conveyor system. They can absorb shocks and vibrations, smooth out the power transmission, and prevent excessive wear on the motor and other conveyor components. Gearboxes also provide safety features, such as overload protection, by using clutches, brakes, or other mechanisms to prevent damage to the motor or the conveyor system in case of excessive loads or sudden stops.

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Need help with your conveyor system? Century Conveyor Systems Inc. has over 40 years of conveyor service experience and boasts a full department of maintenance technicians and equipment experts. Learn more about our extensive capabilities at our On-site Conveyor Service page.

Experiencing trouble with your conveyor system, and don’t know where to start? Century Conveyor Systems has created this service checklist that our very own conveyor technicians use in the field to diagnose systems.

Like any machine, conveyor systems need to undergo proper maintenance and repairs to operate as efficiently as possible. Much like a car, certain components need to be routinely identified and serviced before damages or an outage occurs.

Following the maintenance checklist below at regular intervals will take you through the most common service points on a conveyor unit.

Belt

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Condition	■ Frayed	■ Ripped
Lacing	■ Pulled-out	■ Teeth Missing
Tracking	■ Off-center
Tension	■ Too Tight	■ Too Loose

Drive Assembly

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Motor	■ Noisy	■ Overheating
Reducer	■ Leaking	■ Low Oil Level
Reducer Breather	■ Dirty	■ Missing
Clutch	■ Noisy	■ Slipping
Brake	■ Noisy	■ Slipping
Wiring	■ Damaged	■ Exposed
Chain & Sprockets	■ Noisy	■ Worn	■ Alignment Off
Belt Drive	■ Noisy	■ Teeth Missing	■ Alignment Off
Drive Pulley	■ Damaged	■ Worn Shaft	■ Alignment Off
Drive Pulley Lagging	■ Damaged	■ Separating	■ Alignment Off
Bearings	■ Noisy	■ Worn Grease Seals
Assembly Bolts	■ Loose	■ Missing

End Assembly

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Pulley	■ Damaged	■ Worn Shaft	■ Alignment Off
Bearings	■ Noisy	■ Worn Grease Seals

Take Up Assembly

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Pulley	■ Damaged	■ Worn Shaft	■ Alignment Off
Bearings	■ Noisy	■ Worn Grease Seals
Adjustment Bolts	■ Noisy	■ Worn Grease Seals

Rollers

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Idler	■ Noisy	■ Missing	■ Bent
Snub	■ Noisy	■ Damaged
Pop-Out	■ Noisy	■ Missing	■ Bent
Transition	■ Noisy	■ Missing	■ Damaged

Conveyor Bed

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Condition	■ Damaged	■ Holes	■ Alignment Off
Supports	■ Damaged	■ Loose	■ Missing
Transition	■ Missing	■ Alignment Off

Electrical

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Conduit	■ Damaged	■ Loose
Junction Boxes	■ Damaged	■ Open	■ Missing
E-Stop Buttons	■ Damaged	■ Missing	■ Not Functioning
Pull Cord Switches	■ Damaged	■ Not Functioning

Extendable Conveyor

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Cam Followers	■ Missing	■ Loose
Lifting Screws	■ Worn Threads	■ Not Functioning
E-Stop Buttons	■ Damaged	■ Not Functioning
Limit Switch	■ Damaged	■ Not Functioning

Bonus: Maintenance Tips

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Belt Repair

Frayed, torn, or worn belts can actually be repaired if the damage is not too extensive.

There are a few methods used to do this:

• Vulcanization
• Cold curing
• Metal fasteners

Overloading

Excessive load on a conveyor can place strain on components, cause belts to track unevenly, or cause motors to overheat and shut off. Ensure workers are placing items in the middle of the belt, facing straight ahead.

Structure Stress

Items may be getting jammed at a certain point in the conveyor, even when belts, rollers, pulleys, and idlers have been adjusted correctly. This may be because the conveyor bed structure itself is warped, due to excessive loading or employee error (such as leaning on conveyor support).

Check to ensure sections line up, and that there are no depressions or offsets in the side structures.

Lubrication

Chain wear without routine lubrication causes the chain to sag over time, and will not fit the sprockets. Proper usage of the recommended oil grade, per the manufacturer, or the temperature, will extend chain life.

Need help with your conveyor system? Century Conveyor Systems Inc. has over 40 years of conveyor service experience and boasts a full department of maintenance technicians and equipment experts. Learn more about our extensive capabilities at our On-site Conveyor Service page.

Conveyor systems are highly effective machines primarily used to transport items or packages in a warehouse or distribution center. Companies that employ conveyors in their facilities find them reliable and durable machines that exponentially decrease the time needed to process items, simultaneously increasing the number of products that can be handled. It’s no wonder many companies use them to optimize and speed up their operations.

Have you experienced exponential growth in your material handling business, and are considering integrating your own conveyor, or upgrading older equipment? While the cost of the equipment can greatly vary depending on the size and scope of your system, operating expenses are an often-overlooked topic that plays a vital role in a conveyor installation project.

Century Conveyor Systems has experience in engineering and integrating conveyor systems spanning over 40 years. Here are our recommendations for the first-time buyer, or the supply chain professional looking to research possible material handling solutions.

Complexity of system

It goes without saying that the expenses associated with a conveyor are entirely dependent on the scope and scale of the system. A simple 100ft straight powered conveyor will have drastically less overhead costs than that of a multi-line complex system. Not all units are created equal either, as costs vary between manufacturer, model, and the function of the equipment.

Sorters, for example, employ various forms of moving components to distribute product to the output destination. Rapid sortation (like shoe, cross-belt, narrow-belt and tilt-tray sorters) uses more moving parts than medium throughput solutions like push-arm and wheel-based sorters in order to achieve the high rate of sortation that they’re known for. Expect operating costs to scale proportionately with the speed of the sorting conveyor.

Employee training

Whenever a new unit or system is installed, any warehouse associate that interacts with it must be trained properly in its operation. This includes safety training as well.

Typically, when a new piece of equipment is installed, employees from the manufacturer (or the integration company) will brief employees on the do’s and don’ts of the system, their role in working with the equipment, and the optimal way to place items on the conveyor.

For example, Century installed a dual split-tray sorter for a 3PL client, and part of the validation process included briefing employees and completing test runs of the solution with them so issues can be identified in real time. For this system, small polybags had to be positioned correctly in one of the tray compartments, while larger polybags had to be laid across both trays. Placing items in the tray incorrectly could lead to jams or errors.

With any piece of equipment, safety guidelines must be communicated and followed, especially with a continuously moving piece of machinery like a conveyor. Each unit will have clearly posted warnings near dangerous pinch points, high-voltage areas, and fast-moving components. Certain sections of the equipment that should not be touched except by a certified technician are marked as so. Employees must understand all these protocols, as well as the consequences if they are not followed. Consult your conveyor integrator or manufacturer for a full list of safety requirements as it pertains to the specific equipment.

Maintenance

Just like any machine, proper maintenance must be performed for the equipment to operate as intended. If your facility staffs a maintenance team, training can be done with them either through the manufacturer or a conveyor service company (like Century). If your company does not have its own maintenance team, it’s important to schedule routine checkups BEFORE a mechanical issue is encountered. If a conveyor breaks down during operations, it may take days or even weeks to repair it depending on the type of damage. Subjecting your operations to that amount of downtime can cost thousands in lost time and profits.

Conveyors can vary in the complexity of routine repairs it needs.

Commonplace maintenance items may include:

• O-ring bands
• Belts
• Bearings
• Chains
• Sprockets
• Rollers
• Pulleys
• Oils and lubrication

More serious repairs may require a specialized conveyor technician to fix properly:

• Bed supports and transitions
• Electrical conduits and junction boxes
• Emergency buttons and pull cord switches
• Motors and reducers
• Brakes
• Clutch
• Sortation slats, shoes, arms, or trays
• Control panels and logic
• Compressed air

 If you’re unsure about the extent of the maintenance needed on your conveyor system, it’s highly recommended to contact a certified conveyor repair service to diagnose your unit. Attempting to fix a component without a complete understanding of the repair could damage your conveyor further and render it inoperable. Conveyors are tuned exactly to the material it is handling. If the wrong part is used, or installed incorrectly, the system can damage both itself and the items that it is conveying.

It’s worth the extra cost to partner with a conveyor service company if your maintenance team is not trained in conveyor repair. Simple replacements (like singular rollers or chains) can be done without much risk, but critical components like motors and brakes should not be tampered with unless done by an experienced technician.

Uptime and Speed

To tie into the last point, the forecasted uptime, or how often and long you intend to run your conveyor system, factors greatly into maintenance. Conveyors that are required to operate 24/7 still need to be maintained, so it’ll have to be shut off at some point so work can be done. In comparison, conveyors that run only during business hours or certain shifts can have their maintenance scheduled during those off times.

With that, the more uptime a conveyor experiences, the more often it’ll wear through its parts. Our recommendation is to keep spare replacement parts on-site to avoid extended downtime. While the number varies greatly, the rule of thumb per hour of downtime for a 24/7 operation can eat up to $10,000 in lost profit.

Speed and the complexity of the conveyor section can also add to the frequency of its repairs. The average speed Century has observed in our systems is 65 CPM (cartons-per-minute), but rapid distribution operations that use certain sorters can reach up to 235 CPM.

As a real-world example, your car outputs a specific horsepower number but it’s not constantly using all that power unless you’re at full throttle. When it is at full performance for an extended period, the life expectancy of the engine and components are drastically reduced. Conveyors function much the same. Consider the flow and demand of your product, and if the conveyor system is constantly processing at that rate.

The saving grace is that conveyors are extremely durable, and manufacturers design them with continuous uptime in mind. Some conveyors can also adjust the speeds based on the information it’s receiving from the photo eyes and sensors. If no packages are detected in a block, it’ll turn off that conveyor section until product is detected in the previous block, then it’ll activate.

For more general speed and timing changes, the control settings of the entire conveyor system can be fine-tuned to match input and output. The system may be able to operate at high speeds but receiving and loading operations may not be able to match the rate (depending on the level of automation in your facility). Most truck loading operations are still manual, and it’s all too often to see a conveyor system running too quickly for worker loading, resulting in jams or packages and pallets being placed haphazardly.

This is why testing and validation is done by conveyor engineers, to exactly match the rate of product being processed. If there is a change in flow for whatever reason, a systemwide change can be done to either increase or decrease the speeds.

Controls

Installing a conveyor system isn’t as simple as plugging it into an outlet. Most industrial systems use the standard of 460v-480v and run that electricity through custom control panels to operate the equipment. Each control panel is built specifically to the design of the system and contains starters, relays, lights, switches, motors, and more to handle the distribution of electricity and system commands. Century primarily uses non-proprietary modules in its control panels (Allen-Bradley, for example), but depending on the complexity and needs +of your conveyor system specialized components may have to be used.

Existing control panels can be upgraded to compensate for any new equipment additions, while new systems will need a panel to be fabricated from scratch. Field wiring will also need to be done on-site to connect all conveyor sections and equipment to the panel. The typical control panel project can vary from $20,000 to $40,000 per panel, not including the on-site electrical labor. The more automated and intricate a system is, the more complex the control panel(s).

Warehouse Management Software

A warehouse management system, or WMS for short, is a powerful control tool that gathers various amounts of information to process tasks and prepare reports. WMS hubs offer a vast array of warehouse functions, all aggregated into an interlinked operating system. The main goal of a WMS is to monitor and manage warehouse operations involved in the movement of products and packages.

A basic warehouse management system can cost anywhere from a few thousand dollars to tens of thousands of dollars, while enterprise-level systems with more features and capabilities can cost well into the six-figure territory. More and more providers are offering platforms on a monthly subscription-based model, and charge according to the number of licenses (or users) that have access to the software.

 A report from Softwarepath averages $167 per month, per user for a month-to-month WMS service. If you’re considering buying the software outright with a perpetual license, $2,500 per user is the baseline for an entry-level tier.

Set-up costs are also a factor. The mid-range expenses as observed by ExploreWMS hover around the $5,000 number. Expect this to scale proportionally to the level of automation and size of your facility operations.

Additional integrated systems

Conveyors typically aren’t the only system integrated in a project unless the operations are extremely simple. Consider the functions of your supply chain. Does your facility provide picking and packing? Storage modules (like racking and shelves) or P&A units (like carton formers or sealers) may have to be integrated in conjunction with the conveyor to make the automation cohesive. It’s entirely based on the operations that your facility completes, and the level of automation you’re implementing.

At the very least, package induction should include ergonomic material handling structures if automation isn’t being used. The most basic form of this are pack tables – platforms that warehouse associates use to either complete order fulfillment or for moving packages from a static area to a conveyor section. These tables can be outfitted with horizontal rollers or omnidirectional ball-type rollers.

To further optimize manual package handling from storage to processing, flow racking can assist operators by eliminating static shelving in favor of gravity-based skatewheel channels that move product as it’s taken off the rack. Flow channels are also available for pallets to help with staging for warehouses that use them.

Expect to spend a few thousand dollars for these ergonomic solutions, while fully automated offerings usually start at $25,000 to hundreds of thousands of dollars. If you’re working on a tight budget, but want to automate as much as possible, the used equipment market is a viable alternative to spending on brand-new units. If going this route, Century recommends having your engineering team or a representative from the material handling integrator inspect the equipment you intend to buy to ensure it’ll slot into your system without much hassle. These units are highly customized to the original system it was designed for, so it’s imperative to do your homework before selecting a pre-owned machine. The upside of this, since the equipment is so specific, deep discounts can be found.

Summary

What’s the final cost of operating an entire conveyor system? The true answer to that question is, it depends. Every warehouse and distribution center is different, and so is the equipment that is used and the operations that are completed. It’s impossible to give an accurate number without knowing every detail.

Don’t let this scare you off from implementing a conveyor system in your warehouse, though. Material handling integrators like Century can build out systems with cost-effectiveness in mind.

Always remember, the upfront cost may be a large pill to swallow, but conveyors are known to make a speedy return on investment.

Most see a 2-to-3-year return from the launch of the system. The increased throughput and stability allows exponentially more product to be processed, which is why the turnaround is so quick.

Still curious as to what a conveyor system would cost for your facility? Request a quote from Century and our automation experts will coordinate all the details with you to provide an accurate estimate.